Свети Сава и студеничка Евхаристија. Ка могућности бољег разумевања начина на који су богослов(ље) и сликар(ство) сарађивали у средњем веку
- Детаљи
- Категорија: Богословље 2 (2019)
Тодор Митровић
Висока школа — Академија Српске Православне Цркве
за уметности и консервацију
Београд
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УДК: 271.222(497.11)-523.6-526.62"12"
75.046.3.052(497.11)"12"
137–179
Сажетак: Анализирајући неуобичајено иконографско-програмско решење друге зоне олтарског сликарства цркве Богородице Евергетиде у Студеници, истраживање покушава да протумачи неке специфичне детаље који би могли указати на непосредно учешће Светог Саве у његовом настајању. Начин на који су у централном делу ове програмске целине представљени различити гестови шака Христових широко раширених руку доводи до претпоставке да су аутори покушали напоредо да прикажу две различите фазе канона евхаристије, које су у средњовековном богослужењу доживљаване као пресудне за освећење евхаристијских дарова и њихово претварање у Христово тело и крв. Не само да ће указати на непосредан ауторски утицај Светога Саве, већ ће начин на који су ове минуциозне литургичке финесе сликарски оживљене представити студенички живопис као најделикатнију мистагогију у бојама, у чијим се оквирима најављују неки (полемички) ставови које ће литургичка теорија разрадити тек у наредним столећима. ▶ Кључне речи: византијско сликарство, Студеница, Свети Сава, Причешће апостола, Евхаристија, благослов, епиклеза.
Saint Sava and Studenica ’Eucharist’. Towards the Better Understanding of the Collaboration between Theology and Arts in the Middle Ages
Todor Mitrović
Academy of Serbian Orthodox Church for Fine Arts and Conservation
Belgrade
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Summary: While there can be no doubt that Saint Sava influenced the execution of frescoes from the Studenica Monastery catholicon, the exact ways his erudition and creativity could have been projected to this art are yet staying a partly answered theoretical topic. Analysis of a totally atypical depiction of Communion of Apostles from the altar of this church will foster some new conclusions in this direction. Namely, the central section of this composition is specific by the fact that Christ is not represented as usual, twice (in respective phases of apostles’ participation of the Communion), but only once, in the moment of consecration of Eucharistic gifts depicted on altar-table before him. But this is not the only peculiarity of the very composition. What is much more intriguing is the fact that Christ’s widespread hands are not represented in the symmetrical manner. His right hand is depicted above the paten (with bread), in the recognizable gesture of blessing, while his left hand is simply pointing towards the chalice (with wine), with all fingers extended. Supposing that byzantine artists, commissioners, and beholders well recognized the gesture of blessing, in art and in liturgy — which implies that its not-representing on left hand couldn’t be simply an omission — this research is trying to explain the meaning of the difference between gestures of Christ’s hands. Taking into account that simultaneous representing of different phases of Eucharistic warship was an intrinsic aspect of Byzantine liturgical iconography, a hypothesis that we’re dealing with the same kind of logic here imposed itself. This brings us to the conclusion that the two key consecratory moments of the Canon of Eucharist — the reading of words of institution and the epiclesis — are represented on the Studenica fresco. While the second was easy to represent by the gesture of blessing, well recognizable in its liturgical context, the first could have been illustrated by representing the pointing hand. Whether this was an illustration of the very ritual action — which might have existed even before its official entrance to the liturgical books in XVII century Ukraine — or was it instantly invented imaginary pictorial means to represent one important phase of the Eucharist, numerous arguments speak in favor of interpreting this gesture as representation of the moment when words “Take, eat […] Drink ye all of this […]” are pronounced. Finally, the subtlety of this pictorial invention and refined liturgical erudition standing behind it — together with its accompanying interpretative potentials in the context of burning disputes with Latin liturgical piety — point directly towards the personality of the first Archbishop of Serbia as its true coauthor, the one who influenced its creation in a most profound manner. ▶ Key words: Byzantine art, Studenica, Saint Sava, Communion of Apostles, Eucharist, blessing, epiclesis.